The process of separation is integral unit operation in most of the Modern Pharmaceutical Techniques, chemical, and other process plants. Among the separation processes, some are standard and conventional processes, like, distillation Process, absorption process, adsorption process, etc. These processes are quite common and the relevant technologies are well developed and well-studied. On the other hand, newer separation processes like membrane based techniques, supercritical fluid extraction, chromatographic separation, etc., are gaining importance in modern days plants as novel separation processes.

• Hyphenated Separation Techniques
• Chromatography as a Separation Technique
• Spectroscopy as Separation Technique

There are many types of ionization methods are used in mass spectrometry methods. The classic methods that most chemists are familiar with are electron impact (EI) and Fast Atom Bombardment (FAB). These techniques are not used much with modern mass spectrometry except EI for environmental work using GC-MS. More modern techniques of atmospheric pressure chemical Ionization (APCI), electrospray ionization (ESI), matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) and other derivative methods have taken their place in the mass spectrometry laboratory.

• Electron Impact ionization (EI)
• Electrospray ionization (ESI)
• Fast Atom Bombardment (FAB)
• Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization (APCI)
• Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization (MALDI)

Bioanalysis may be a sub-discipline of analytical chemistry covering the quantitative activity of xenobiotics (drugs and their metabolites, and biological molecules in unnatural locations or concentrations) and biotic (macro and micromolecules, proteins, DNA, giant molecule medicine, metabolites) in biological systems. Applications for analytical and Bioanalytical method development and validation, are as follows: biological safety test, clinical support, separation of a mixture of the compound, drug analysis. Importance of understanding proteomics and process of food science is important and can be discussed by using separation techniques.

• Analytical Techniques in Pharmacogenomics
• Analytical Techniques in Immuno Chemistry
• NMR and Analysis of Small Organic Molecules
• Bioanalytical methodology

Molecular spectroscopy is the study of absorption of light by molecules. In the gas phase at low pressures, molecules exhibit absorption in narrow lines which are very characteristic of the molecule as well as the temperature and pressure of its environment. In the microwave and long-wavelength infrared regions of the spectrum, these lines are due to a quantized rotational motion of the molecule. At shorter wavelengths, similar lines are due to quantized vibration and electronic motion as well as rotational motion.

• Ultraviolet and Visible Spectroscopy
• Laser spectroscopy
• The Intensity of Spectral Lines
• Rotational Spectra
• Rotational Structure of Electronic Transitions

Inorganic chemistry is an exciting and expanding field of research that encompasses a wide range of areas and is at the crossroads of interdisciplinary inquiry. This is exemplified by work in inorganic/materials chemistry and main group/organometallic chemistry.Modern inorganic chemistry is a broad and exciting field of inquiry featuring both fundamental and applied research.

• Inorganic polymer chemistry
• electrical and magnetic properties of inorganic solids
• photochemistry
• Transition Metals

Green analytical chemistry analytical procedures that generate less hazardous waste and that are safer to use and more benign to the environment.It is for developing new analytical methodologies and modifying an old method to incorporate procedures that either use less hazardous chemicals or use lesser amounts of hazardous chemicals.

• Cloud Point Extraction (CPE)
• Greening through Screening
• Solid-phase extraction (SPE)
• Solid-phase microextraction (SPME)
• Supercritical Fluid Extraction

Medicinal chemistry deals with the design, optimization, and development of chemical compounds for use as drugs.It is a stimulating field as it links many scientific disciplines and allows for collaboration with other scientists in researching and developing new drugs.Medicinal chemists apply their chemistry training to the process of synthesizing new pharmaceuticals. They also improve the processes by which existing pharmaceuticals are made. They focused on drug discovery and development and are concerned with the isolation of medicinal agents found in plants, as well as the creation of new synthetic drug compounds. Most chemists work with a team of scientists from different disciplines, including biologists, toxicologists, pharmacologists, theoretical chemists, microbiologists, and bio pharmacists.

• Toxicology
• Drug Discovery
•  pharmacology
• Biology

• Water Analyser
• Solubility Controls
• Dissolved oxygen
• Chemical Concentration of Water

Analytical Chemistry maintenance of a desired level of quality in an exceedingly service or product, particularly by means that of attention to each stage of the method of delivery or production. Bioanalytical Chemistry could be a sub-division of Analytical Chemistry that covers the measuring of medicine, Ion sensors, Proteins and DNA Sequences in unnatural samples or concentrations. Correct quantification of the drug samples is extremely very important for several scientific endeavors which cannot hinder the result.

• Ion sensors
• Method development and validation reports
• Detect fake drugs quickly
• DNA sequencing

Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique that ionizes molecules to ions and they can be moved about and manipulated by external electric and magnetic fields.The samples are usually introduced through a heated batch inlet, heated direct insertion probe, or a gas chromatograph. Ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) which has become an increasingly important technique in the clinical laboratory for structural study or quantitative measurement of metabolites in a complex biological sample.

This technique basically studies the effect of ionizing energy on molecules. It depends upon chemical reactions in the gas phase in which sample molecules are consumed during the formation of ionic and neutral species.

• Applications of Mass Spectrometry
• Mass spectrometry imaging
• Data analysis
• Flame ionization (FID)
• Electron capture (ECD)

HPLC is a popular method of analysis for natural products because of its high accuracy, precision and is not differed by the stability or the volatility of the compounds. HPLC combined with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD), mass spectrometer (HPLC-MS) have been successfully utilized for the qualitative and quantitative determination of various types of phytoconstituents like alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, triterpenes, flavonoids etc. HPLC methods are used readily for the determination of drug in biological fluids and pharmaceutical dosage forms. HPLC determination with spectroscopic detection is useful for routine quality control of drugs in pharmaceutical dosage forms and stability studies.

A chromatographic detector is capable of establishing both the identity and concentration of eluting components in the mobile phase stream. A broad range of detectors is available to meet different sample requirements. Detectors respond to a particular compound only and the response is independent of mobile phase composition and the response of bulk property detectors is dependent on collective changes in the composition of sample and mobile phase. Specific detectors are UV-VIS, Photodiode array, fluorescence, and mass spectroscopic detectors. Bulk Property detectors include refractive index, electrochemical and light scattering detectors.

• Advances in Chromatography-HPLC Instrumentations
• HPLC Fingerprinting in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology
• Chromatography-HPLC Separation Techniques

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is an analytical chemistry technique used in quality control and research for determining the content and purity of a sample as well as its molecular structure.The principle behind NMR is that many nuclei have spin and all nuclei are electrically charged. If an external magnetic field is applied, an energy transfer is possible between the base energy to a higher energy level.The energy transfer takes place at a wavelength that corresponds to radio frequencies and when the spin returns to its base level, energy is emitted at the same frequency. The signal that matches this transfer is measured in many ways and processed in order to yield an NMR spectrum for the nucleus concerned.Most frequently, NMR spectroscopy is used by chemists and biochemists to investigate the properties of organic molecules, although it is applicable to any kind of sample that contains nuclei possessing spin.

• Resonant frequency
• Biomolecular NMR spectroscopy
• Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance

Crystallography is the science that examines crystals, which can be found everywhere in nature from salt to snowflakes to gemstones. Crystallographers use the properties and inner structures of crystals to determine the arrangement of atoms and generate knowledge that is used by chemists, physicists, biologists, and others. Applied Crystallography is a  crystallographic methods that are used to study crystalline and non-crystalline matter with neutrons, X-rays and electrons, their application in condensed matter research, materials science and the life sciences, and their use in identifying phase transformations and structural changes of defects, structure-property relationships, interfaces and surfaces etc.

• Elecron Crystallography
• Crystallography of Novel Materials
• Advanced Crystallography
• Chemical Crystallography
• Applications for Crystallography 

The Microscopy Laboratory Analysis is a small materials analysis and focuses on molecular and biophysical characterizations and analytical spectroscopic imaging. It consists of a wide spectrum of analytical imaging devices with spectral imaging capabilities. 

• Microarray scanning
• Digital Imaging
• Light, electron, and scanning probe microscopy

Crystallography is the science that examines crystals, which can be found everywhere in nature from salt to snowflakes to gemstones. Crystallographers use the properties and inner structures of crystals to determine the arrangement of atoms and generate knowledge that is used by chemists, physicists, biologists, and others. Applied Crystallography is a  crystallographic method that is used to study the crystalline and non-crystalline matter with neutrons, X-rays and electrons, their application in condensed matter research, materials science and the life sciences, and their use in identifying phase transformations and structural changes of defects, structure-property relationships, interfaces, and surfaces etc.

• Electron Crystallography
• Crystallography of Novel Materials
• Advanced Crystallography
• Chemical Crystallography
• Applications for Crystallography

The movement of particles under a spatially uniform electric field in a fluid is called electrophoresis.In 1807, Ferdinand Frederic Reuss observed clay particles dispersed in water to migrate on applying constant electric field for the first time. It is caused by a charged interface present between the particle surface and the surrounding fluid. The rate of migration of particle depends on the strength of the field, on the net charge size and shape of the molecules and also on the ionic strength, viscosity and temperature of the medium in which the molecules are moving. As an analytical tool, electrophoresis is simple, rapid and highly sensitive. It is used analytically to study the properties of a single charged species and as a separation technique. It provides the basis for a number of analytical techniques used for separating molecules by size, charge, or binding affinity.

• Gel electrophoresis
• Capillary electrophoresis
• Affinity electrophoresis

Analytical techniques in neurosciences are the Modern techniques in neuroscience and it is used to detect the disorders and diseases in neuroscience. 

Resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) is a technique applied to the spectroscopy of atoms and small molecules.REMPI in combination with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) provides a selective and sensitive means for monitoring (poly)aromatic compounds in process flows. The properties of REMPI and various variations of the ionization process are presented. The potential of REMPI for process analysis is highlighted with several examples, and drawbacks of the method are also noted. Applications of REMPI-TOFMS for the detection and monitoring of aromatic species in a large variety of combustion processes comprising flames, vehicle exhaust, and incinerators are discussed. New trends in technology development and combination with other analytical methods are brought forward.

• Photoelectron Spectrometer
• Ferromagnetic resonance

Clinical Chemistry is that field of clinical pathology involved with analysis of body fluids. The discipline originated within the late nineteenth century with the use of simple chemical tests for diverse elements of blood and waste product. After this, totally different clinical biochemistry techniques were applied at the side of the use and live of catalyst activities, spectrophotometry, action, and biological assay. Endocrine pathology is that the subspecialty of surgical pathology that deals with the diagnosing and characterization of growth and non-neoplastic diseases of organs of the system, as well as the thyroid, parathyroid gland, secreted exocrine gland, and adrenal glands. Pharmacology is additionally a branch of biological chemistry, and medicines committed the study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms. A diagnosing may be an academic degree array of tests performed on excreta, and one in all the foremost common ways of disease susceptibility. A fecal occult check involves the gathering and analysis of BM to diagnose the presence or absence of a medical condition.

• Clinical Chemistry Instruments
• Advances In Laboratory medicine

• Dielectric thermal analysis 
• Differential scanning calorimetry
• Laser flash analysis

Organic chemistry is the chemistry discipline that is concerned with the study of compounds containing carbon that is chemically bonded to hydrogen. Organic chemistry encompasses the synthesis, identification, modeling, and chemical reactions of such compounds.It are the study of the behavioral of compounds containing carbon-hydrogen bonds.In addition to carbon and hydrogen, many organic compounds also include oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine, bromine or sulfur. Other elements are also possible but are less common. Organic compounds vary in complexity from very simple molecules of just a few atoms.

• Organic reactions
• Organic synthesis
• Properties of molecules
• Classification of organic compounds